What are the fundamental elements of modeling a business?
I often help people figure out how to model and value their business concepts. A really common concern is "My business is different!" That rallying call often serves as the number one roadblock people have when trying to build a business analysis.
The fact is this: No matter how different your business is, it's different in one of the same few ways.
All businesses expect to have customers. All business hope to deliver something of value to their customers. All businesses do some up-front work in order to have that valuable thing and to make sure their customers know about that valuable thing and to actually deliver the thing to them. Whether the thing is physical (like a car, a microchip, a refrigerator, a satellite or a pencil) or a service (like a hair cut, consulting, vacation experience, healthcare), or something intangible like software doesn't matter. The fundamental economics are the same.
If your business doesn't look like this--well you don't really have a business.
So let's take that "my business is different" issue another step. How is your business not different?
Products
You have (or will have) something that you want to sell. If it is a tangible, physical product, it probably has some sort of manufacturing cost associated with it. You should get an idea of how much each unit you sell will cost to produce and deliver to customers. This is the variable cost of manufacture, or "unit cost" for short. Unit Costs will sometimes scale as a function of learning curves or economies of scale, and sometimes they'll just stay flat. Sometimes (like software) this number will be zero.Fixed Costs
In addition to the variable cost of manufacturing, you'll have overhead. Maybe you need to build a factory in order to produce your product. Maybe you need to build a brick and mortar store as a venue for providing haircuts. Whatever it is, you will have some fixed costs. This is often called PPE for Property, Plant and Equipment. PPE will almost always scale with your expected volume, but with the critical distinction that you have to make your investment in PPE before your volume starts to realize.Projects
Your business will probably require some spending up front that doesn't go into PPE. Sometimes this is called RND (Research 'n' Development), sometimes it's called NRE (Non-Recurring Engineering), sometimes it's just called "Spending". Whatever you call it, this is what you have to invest in time and people-hours and other expense items in order to get to the point where you're ready to start bringing your product to your customers.Markets
You have customers who are (presumably) going to find your product valuable and pay you for it. Smart companies undergo an exercise called "Market Segmentation", where they try to group their customers together into meaningful groups called markets. Members of these markets have similar buying behaviors. They typically value the same aspects of the products and are willing to pay similar amounts. For purposes of business forecasting, you should take an "outside in" look at your markets and a great deal of your analytical work will be done just trying to size these markets. How many potential customers are there in each market? How many of them will make a buying decision in any specific quarter (or year)?Prospects
To build a predictive business model you need to make forecasts about how well the products you're creating will be received by the markets you have characterized. This is a "Prospect" -- the specific economic expectations for an individual product with an individual market. You will spend most of your business analysis time on forecasting prospects. When will this product hit this market? How much market share can we hope to achieve? How quickly do we think we will achieve our peak market share? How long before we see that peak share get eroded away--either cannibalized by our own subsequent products or defeated by competitive ones? What sort of prices will we be able to command for the products? How will the price and the market share forecasts interrelate?These are the fundamental elements of analysis for any business.
Before folks should start thinking about how their business is different and how their model won't fit into a typical analysis, they should address these questions and frame the business through these lenses. After these basics are sorted out, you should start worrying about things like competitive timing, synergies and roadmap effects, market saturation and disruptive effects, complex pricing structures and so on. Normally those sorts of details won't move the needle on the big analysis.This isn't to say that the more detailed analyses aren't necessary. If you're in the middle of negotiating tiered pricing discounts with an important customer you should really figure out what those will mean to your revenue and NPV expectations. Those things can wait until later.
